In this context, he came on a dispute with the pharmacist Ambrosius who suggested the use of a drug for dissolution of bladder stone. Largus also considered Dietetics, Pharmacology and Surgery as major aspects of clinical practice in Medicine. In 47 AD he published a medical manual including 271 prescriptions for many diseases while he also used electricity from torpedo fish in order to treat diseases such as headache, gout and prolapsed anus. But the most important pharmacist of Roman antiquity is Scribonius Largus. One of the first pharmacists mentioned is Antonius Musa, who, as a physician and pharmacist of Emperor Augustus, rescued him from a severe liver disease and this led to his advancement in the equestrian class. There used to be countless physicians and remedies in ancient Rome, but few pharmacists. However, Romans managed to develop very advanced sewer system named Cloaca Maxima, which had already been built during the years of the Tarcinius Superbus in the late 6th Century BC. Also due to the fact that there were no traps, there was one constant smell in their homes, as well as a constant fire hazard due to HS (hydrogen sulphide). A large proportion of the citizens of Rome refused to link their home to the sewers because of a possible river overflow and consequently contamination of the water. Sewage was also linked to aqueducts with the homes of the rich, but not with those of the poor. At the end of the first century AD Rome had 9 aqueducts, while 1/3 of the water was reserved for semi-urban areas, farms and gardens, as well as for the privileged class villas. Agrippa even created more than 700 fountains and 130 public springs. Moreover, Agrippa was appointed as a Curator Aquarum, (water expert) and built Aqua Virgo in the late 20th century. Aqua Marcia, built in 144 BC was the first water transfer to the city using bridges (at least in part). Aqua Appia, created in 272 BC, for example, transported water to Rome underground, not only saving money and time, but also preventing water from contamination by hostile forces. At the same time, there was a pervasive thought that connects the state of water with health, as also comes from the writing of water treaties, such as that of Sextus Julius Frontinus (30 AD-104 AD) entitled De Aquis Urbis Romae, but more generally by laws, where a penalty for anyone contaminating water sources. ![]() Water was running and even though high-strung families could have it and in their own home it did not exclude the poor to be able to get it from some cistern. ![]() ![]() The first beneficial invention in terms of public health and the further development of life expectancy were aqueducts. ![]() īeyond the field of legislation, the Roman administration intervened in the field of public health in other ways as well. However, the numbers of medici publici were significantly increased only in the late Roman imperial period, that is, in the 2nd century AD. These community doctors were also responsible for the identification and the mitigation of emerging infections. The State also appointed physicians examining whether hygienic measures needed to be implemented in particular areas of the city. Moreover, new sanctuaries of Asclepius were founded in Tiber Island in order to protect Roman population from possible infections coming from ill people who were displaced outside Roman walls. In 293 BC cremations were performed outside the borders of Rome. When the Roman State transitioned from the royal period to the democracy, new laws for the protection of public health were established.
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